EMBAR

Author:
Dr. Sanabam Gunajit Mangang1 , Moirangthem Shantikumar Singh2
1Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Manipur International University , 2PhD Scholar Department of Political Science Manipur International University

DOI: doi.org/10.58924/rjhss.v4.iss4.p32

Published Date: 31-Aug, 2025

Keywords: Swachh Bharat Mission, Open Defecation, Open Defecation Free, Politicisation of Swachh Bharat Mission.

Abstract:
: Open Defecation Free (ODF) was a pilot project of India to end Open Defecation (OD) under Swachh Bharat Mission. The question is whether it is relevant to Manipur or not. Manipur’s society does not encourage OD from the time immemorial. Latrine facilities have been a part of Manipur’s’ social norms. After the merger to Indian Union and immigration of mainland Indian to the state they bring the culture of OD to Manipur. Apart from this increase in population expansion of markets and existence of several homeless people in Manipur make Manipur a part of OD category of India. Nevertheless, if compare with the rest of India Manipur is at the minimum level. There is no clear and specific data on ODin Manipur. There is no slum in Manipur and in even wider meaning of ODF Manipur hardly falls in the category of open defecation. Manipur since time immemorial have toilet construction in form of pit latrine and is not an OD. The concept of ODF has taken in generalization. There are several regions with proper housing systemswithout proper latrine for them OD is high but in place like Manipur it is very minimal.

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